Supine blood pressure (BP) try measured from the right case having fun with a hands-on mercury sphygmomanometer, after a great 10-min resting period. The first 
and 5th Korotkoff phase were used in order to identify systolic BP (SBP) and you may diastolic BP (DBP), correspondingly. Brand new indicate from about three measurements is regarded as brand new BP really worth. PP are defined as the difference between SBP and DBP. Hips circumference (WC) is measured having fun with an inelastic tape placed midway between the lower ribs and iliac crests for the mid-axillary range. Simple physiological details (enzymatic means, automat HITACHI 917 (Roche, Meylan, France); colorimetric method for albumin serving and you may hematology: ABX, Pentra 120, Meylan, France) have been mentioned not as much as accelerated conditions; high-thickness lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) is measured by the head enzymatic assay having cyclodextrin (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland). A sleep electrocardiogram try recorded. Breathing setting was examined of the spirometry from the computing forced expiratory regularity (FEV1). Cigarette application (never tobacco user, ex-smoker and latest cigarette smoker), exercise (regular physical exercise: yes or no), private medical background, newest medication and you will alcohol consumption, social status and you can occupational hobby had been examined having fun with a home-applied survey. Be concerned and you can anxiety scores was examined because of the confirmed forms (Beck ainsi que al., 1974; Cohen mais aussi al., 1983); Subjected Fitness Condition (SHS) results have been compiled with a home-estimate toward a measure anywhere between 0 and you can ten. Alcohol consumption try quantified once the amount of standard cups of alcohol (10 grams per cup) ate every single day. Each kind off alcohol (such as cider and you will beer, wine, appetizer) try recorded. Overall liquor consumption was computed as sum of all types regarding alcoholic drinks consumed and also the involved amounts (since grams from alcoholic drinks) was estimated. All medical and you can physical parameters was in fact analyzed on a single day of your own examination.
The fresh IPC Cardiovascular system obtained authorization regarding the Federal Panel of information and you may Municipal Liberty in order to carry out these types of analyses. The victims provided the informed agree during the time of the newest examination.
Statistical research
Alcohol based drinks is actually divided into five categories : (1) zero alcoholic beverages, (2) low alcohol consumption (lower than one to mug daily), (3) moderate alcoholic beverages (between you to definitely and you will about three servings every day), (4) large alcohol consumption (more than around three glasses) and you may (5) subjects just who previously ate alcohol but who no further did (former drinkers). Owing to the fresh new heterogeneity on the band of previous drinkers (go out elapsed since the cessation out of alcohol consumption, reason behind which cessation, etc.), studies contained in this group have been examined alone.
For quantitative variables, the four first groups were compared by multivariate model analysis, which included age to take into account the difference in age observed between the different groups; respiratory function (FEV1) was compared across the groups before and after further adjustment for tobacco status. For qualitative variables, comparisons were made using the ? 2 test. As one may hypothesize that the relationships between alcohol and health and social status are not identical in males and females, we analyzed these relationships on the basis of stratification by gender. All parameters associated with alcohol consumption in univariate analysis were included in a multivariate model. Forward regression analysis was carried out and all variables remaining in the model were significant with P<0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using the SAS statistical software (version 8.02; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
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Data collected from a total of 149 773 subjects (97 406 men and 52 367 women) were analyzed. The average ages of men and women were 47.6±15 and 47.0±12 years, respectively. In this population, 13.7% of men and 23.9% of women were abstinent (4.5% former drinkers and 9.2% never drinkers in men; 20.1% never drinkers and 3.1% former drinkers in women). Total alcohol intake increased with age both in men and in women. With the exception of the subgroup of young subjects (<30 years of age), alcoholic beverages mainly consisted of wine. In addition, wine consumption increased with age, whereas those of beer and appetizers decreased (P<0.0001).